Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, restructuring the control machinery established thereby

Strasbourg, 11.V.1994

The member States of the Council of Europe, signatories to this Protocol to the
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,
signed at Rome on 4 November 1950 (hereinafter referred to as "the Convention"),
Considering the urgent need to restructure the control machinery established by the Convention in order to maintain and improve the efficiency of its protection
of human rights and fundamental freedoms, mainly in view of the increase in the number of applications and the growing membership of the Council of Europe;
Considering that it is therefore desirable to amend certain provisions of the Convention with a view, in particular, to replacing the existing European
Commission and Court of Human Rights with a new permanent Court;
Having regard to Resolution No. 1 adopted at the European Ministerial Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna on 19 and 20 March 1985;
Having regard to Recommendation 1194 (1992), adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on 6 October 1992;
Having regard to the decision taken on reform of the Convention control machinery by the Heads of State and Government of the Council of Europe member States
in the Vienna Declaration on 9 October 1993,

Have agreed as follows:

Article 1

The existing text of Sections II to IV of the Convention (Articles 19 to 56) and Protocol No. 2 conferring upon the European Court of Human Rights competence
to give advisory opinions shall be replaced by the following Section II of the Convention (Articles 19 to 51):

"Section II – European Court of Human Rights

Article 19 – Establishment of the Court

To ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties in the Convention and the protocols thereto, there shall be set up
a European Court of Human Rights, hereinafter referred to as "the Court". It shall function on a permanent basis.

Article 20 – Number of judges

The Court shall consist of a number of judges equal to that of the High Contracting Parties.

Article 21 – Criteria for office

The judges shall be of high moral character and must either possess the qualifications required for appointment to high judicial office or be jurisconsults
of recognised competence.
The judges shall sit on the Court in their individual capacity.
During their term of office the judges shall not engage in any activity which is incompatible with their independence, impartiality or with the demands
of a full-time office; all questions arising from the application of this paragraph shall be decided by the Court.

Article 22 – Election of judges

The judges shall be elected by the Parliamentary Assembly with respect to each High Contracting Party by a majority of votes cast from a list of three candidates
nominated by the High Contracting Party.
The same procedure shall be followed to complete the Court in the event of the accession of new High Contracting Parties and in filling casual vacancies.

Article 23 – Terms of office

The judges shall be elected for a period of six years. They may be re-elected. However, the terms of office of one-half of the judges elected at the first
election shall expire at the end of three years.
The judges whose terms of office are to expire at the end of the initial period of three years shall be chosen by lot by the Secretary General of the Council
of Europe immediately after their election.
In order to ensure that, as far as possible, the terms of office of one-half of the judges are renewed every three years, the Parliamentary Assembly may
decide, before proceeding to any subsequent election, that the term or terms of office of one or more judges to be elected shall be for a period other
than six years but not more than nine and not less than three years.
In cases where more than one term of office is involved and where the Parliamentary Assembly applies the preceding paragraph, the allocation of the terms
of office shall be effected by a drawing of lots by the Secretary General of the Council of Europe immediately after the election.
A judge elected to replace a judge whose term of office has not expired shall hold office for the remainder of his predecessor’s term.
The terms of office of judges shall expire when they reach the age of 70.
The judges shall hold office until replaced. They shall, however, continue to deal with such cases as they already have under consideration.

Article 24 – Dismissal

No judge may be dismissed from his office unless the other judges decide by a majority of two-thirds that he has ceased to fulfil the required conditions.

Article 25 – Registry and legal secretaries

The Court shall have a registry, the functions and organisation of which shall be laid down in the rules of the Court. The Court shall be assisted by legal
secretaries.

Article 26 – Plenary Court

The plenary Court shall:
elect its President and one or two Vice-Presidents for a period of three years; they may be re-elected;
set up Chambers, constituted for a fixed period of time;
elect the Presidents of the Chambers of the Court; they may be re-elected;
adopt the rules of the Court; and
elect the Registrar and one or more Deputy Registrars.

Article 27 – Committees, Chambers and Grand Chamber

To consider cases brought before it, the Court shall sit in committees of three judges, in Chambers of seven judges and in a Grand Chamber of seventeen
judges. The Court’s Chambers shall set up committees for a fixed period of time.
There shall sit as an ex officio member of the Chamber and the Grand Chamber the judge elected in respect of the State Party concerned or, if there is none
or if he is unable to sit, a person of its choice who shall sit in the capacity of judge.
The Grand Chamber shall also include the President of the Court, the Vice-Presidents, the Presidents of the Chambers and other judges chosen in accordance
with the rules of the Court. When a case is referred to the Grand Chamber under Article 43, no judge from the Chamber which rendered the judgment shall
sit in the Grand Chamber, with the exception of the President of the Chamber and the judge who sat in respect of the State Party concerned.

Article 28 – Declarations of inadmissibility by committees

A committee may, by a unanimous vote, declare inadmissible or strike out of its list of cases an individual application submitted under Article 34 where
such a decision can be taken without further examination. The decision shall be final.

Article 29 – Decisions by Chambers on admissibility and merits
If no decision is taken under Article 28, a Chamber shall decide on the admissibility and merits of individual applications submitted under Article 34.
A Chamber shall decide on the admissibility and merits of inter-State applications submitted under Article 33.
The decision on admissibility shall be taken separately unless the Court, in exceptional cases, decides otherwise.

Article 30 – Relinquishment of jurisdiction to the Grand Chamber

Where a case pending before a Chamber raises a serious question affecting the interpretation of the Convention or the protocols thereto, or where the resolution
of a question before the Chamber might have a result inconsistent with a judgment previously delivered by the Court, the Chamber may, at any time before
it has rendered its judgment, relinquish jurisdiction in favour of the Grand Chamber, unless one of the parties to the case objects.

Article 31 – Powers of the Grand Chamber

The Grand Chamber shall:
determine applications submitted either under Article 33 or Article 34 when a Chamber has relinquished jurisdiction under Article 30 or when the case has
been referred to it under Article 43; and
consider requests for advisory opinions submitted under Article 47.

Article 32 – Jurisdiction of the Court
The jurisdiction of the Court shall extend to all matters concerning the interpretation and application of the Convention and the protocols thereto which
are referred to it as provided in Articles 33, 34 and 47.
In the event of dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction, the Court shall decide.

Article 33 – Inter-State cases

Any High Contracting Party may refer to the Court any alleged breach of the provisions of the Convention and the protocols thereto by another High Contracting
Party.

Article 34 – Individual applications

The Court may receive applications from any person, non-governmental organisation or group of individuals claiming to be the victim of a violation by one
of the High Contracting Parties of the rights set forth in the Convention or the protocols thereto. The High Contracting Parties undertake not to hinder
in any way the effective exercise of this right.

Article 35 – Admissibility criteria

The Court may only deal with the matter after all domestic remedies have been exhausted, according to the generally recognised rules of international law,
and within a period of six months from the date on which the final decision was taken.
The Court shall not deal with any individual application submitted under Article 34 that:
is anonymous; or
is substantially the same as a matter that has already been examined by the Court or has already been submitted to another procedure of international investigation
or settlement and contains no relevant new information.
The Court shall declare inadmissible any individual application submitted under Article 34 which it considers incompatible with the provisions of the Convention
or the protocols thereto, manifestly ill-founded, or an abuse of the right of application.
The Court shall reject any application which it considers inadmissible under this Article. It may do so at any stage of the proceedings.

Article 36 – Third-party intervention

In all cases before a Chamber or the Grand Chamber, a High Contracting Party one of whose nationals is an applicant shall have the right to submit written
comments and to take part in hearings.
The President of the Court may, in the interest of the proper administration of justice, invite any High Contracting Party which is not a party to the proceedings
or any person concerned who is not the applicant to submit written comments or take part in hearings.

Article 37 – Striking out applications

The Court may at any stage of the proceedings decide to strike an application out of its list of cases where the circumstances lead to the conclusion that:
the applicant does not intend to pursue his application; or
the matter has been resolved; or
for any other reason established by the Court, it is no longer justified to continue the examination of the application.
However, the Court shall continue the examination of the application if respect for human rights as defined in the Convention and the protocols thereto
so requires.
The Court may decide to restore an application to its list of cases if it considers that the circumstances justify such a course.

Article 38 – Examination of the case and friendly settlement proceedings

If the Court declares the application admissible, it shall:
pursue the examination of the case, together with the representatives of the parties, and if need be, undertake an investigation, for the effective conduct
of which the States concerned shall furnish all necessary facilities;
place itself at the disposal of the parties concerned with a view to securing a friendly settlement of the matter on the basis of respect for human rights
as defined in the Convention and the protocols thereto.
Proceedings conducted under paragraph 1.b shall be confidential.

Article 39 – Finding of a friendly settlement

If a friendly settlement is effected, the Court shall strike the case out of its list by means of a decision which shall be confined to a brief statement
of the facts and of the solution reached.

Article 40 – Public hearings and access to documents

Hearings shall be public unless the Court in exceptional circumstances decides otherwise.
Documents deposited with the Registrar shall be accessible to the public unless the President of the Court decides otherwise.

Article 41 – Just satisfaction

If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned
allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.

Article 42 – Judgments of Chambers

Judgments of Chambers shall become final in accordance with the provisions of Article 44, paragraph 2.

Article 43 – Referral to the Grand Chamber

Within a period of three months from the date of the judgment of the Chamber, any party to the case may, in exceptional cases, request that the case be
referred to the Grand Chamber.
A panel of five judges of the Grand Chamber shall accept the request if the case raises a serious question affecting the interpretation or application of
the Convention or the protocols thereto, or a serious issue of general importance.
If the panel accepts the request, the Grand Chamber shall decide the case by means of a judgment.

Article 44 – Final judgments

The judgment of the Grand Chamber shall be final.
The judgment of a Chamber shall become final:
when the parties declare that they will not request that the case be referred to the Grand Chamber; or
three months after the date of the judgment, if reference of the case to the Grand Chamber has not been requested; or
when the panel of the Grand Chamber rejects the request to refer under Article 43.
The final judgment shall be published.

Article 45 – Reasons for judgments and decisions

Reasons shall be given for judgments as well as for decisions declaring applications admissible or inadmissible.
If a judgment does not represent, in whole or in part, the unanimous opinion of the judges, any judge shall be entitled to deliver a separate opinion.

Article 46 – Binding force and execution of judgments

The High Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the Court in any case to which they are parties.
The final judgment of the Court shall be transmitted to the Committee of Ministers, which shall supervise its execution.

Article 47 – Advisory opinions

The Court may, at the request of the Committee of Ministers, give advisory opinions on legal questions concerning the interpretation of the Convention and
the protocols thereto.
Such opinions shall not deal with any question relating to the content or scope of the rights or freedoms defined in Section I of the Convention and the
protocols thereto, or with any other question which the Court or the Committee of Ministers might have to consider in consequence of any such proceedings
as could be instituted in accordance with the Convention.
Decisions of the Committee of Ministers to request an advisory opinion of the Court shall require a majority vote of the representatives entitled to sit
on the Committee.

Article 48 – Advisory jurisdiction of the Court

The Court shall decide whether a request for an advisory opinion submitted by the Committee of Ministers is within its competence as defined in Article
47.

Article 49 – Reasons for advisory opinions

Reasons shall be given for advisory opinions of the Court.
If the advisory opinion does not represent, in whole or in part, the unanimous opinion of the judges, any judge shall be entitled to deliver a separate
opinion.
Advisory opinions of the Court shall be communicated to the Committee of Ministers.

Article 50 – Expenditure on the Court

The expenditure on the Court shall be borne by the Council of Europe.

Article 51 – Privileges and immunities of judges

The judges shall be entitled, during the exercise of their functions, to the privileges and immunities provided for in Article 40 of the Statute of the
Council of Europe and in the agreements made thereunder."

Article 2
Section V of the Convention shall become Section III of the Convention; Article 57 of the Convention shall become Article 52 of the Convention; Articles
58 and 59 of the Convention shall be deleted, and Articles 60 to 66 of the Convention shall become Articles 53 to 59 of the Convention respectively.
Section I of the Convention shall be entitled "Rights and freedoms" and new Section III of the Convention shall be entitled "Miscellaneous provisions".
Articles 1 to 18 and new Articles 52 to 59 of the Convention shall be provided with headings, as listed in the appendix to this Protocol.
In new Article 56, in paragraph 1, the words ", subject to paragraph 4 of this Article," shall be inserted after the word "shall"; in paragraph 4, the words
"Commission to receive petitions" and "in accordance with Article 25 of the present Convention" shall be replaced by the words "Court to receive applications"
and "as provided in Article 34 of the Convention" respectively. In new Article 58, paragraph 4, the words "Article 63" shall be replaced by the words "Article
56".
The Protocol to the Convention shall be amended as follows:
the Articles shall be provided with the headings listed in the appendix to the present Protocol; and
in Article 4, last sentence, the words "of Article 63" shall be replaced by the words "of Article 56".
Protocol No. 4 shall be amended as follows:
the Articles shall be provided with the headings listed in the appendix to the present Protocol;
in Article 5, paragraph 3, the words "of Article 63" shall be replaced by the words "of Article 56"; a new paragraph 5 shall be added, which shall read:
"Any State which has made a declaration in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 of this Article may at any time thereafter declare on behalf of one or more
of the territories to which the declaration relates that it accepts the competence of the Court to receive applications from individuals, non-governmental
organisations or groups of individuals as provided in Article 34 of the Convention in respect of all or any of Articles 1 to 4 of this Protocol."; and
paragraph 2 of Article 6 shall be deleted.
Protocol No. 6 shall be amended as follows:
the Articles shall be provided with the headings listed in the appendix to the present Protocol; and
in Article 4 the words "under Article 64" shall be replaced by the words "under Article 57".
Protocol No. 7 shall be amended as follows:
the Articles shall be provided with the headings listed in the appendix to the present Protocol;
in Article 6, paragraph 4, the words "of Article 63" shall be replaced by the words "of Article 56"; a new paragraph 6 shall be added, which shall read:
"Any State which has made a declaration in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 of this Article may at any time thereafter declare on behalf of one or more
of the territories to which the declaration relates that it accepts the competence of the Court to receive applications from individuals, non-governmental
organisations or groups of individuals as provided in Article 34 of the Convention in respect of Articles 1 to 5 of this Protocol."; and
paragraph 2 of Article 7 shall be deleted.
Protocol No. 9 shall be repealed.

Article 3
This Protocol shall be open for signature by member States of the Council of Europe signatories to the Convention, which may express their consent to be
bound by:
signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval; or
signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, followed by ratification, acceptance or approval.
The instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe.

Article 4
This Protocol shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of a period of one year after the date on which all Parties
to the Convention have expressed their consent to be bound by the Protocol in accordance with the provisions of Article 3. The election of new judges may
take place, and any further necessary steps may be taken to establish the new Court, in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol from the date on
which all Parties to the Convention have expressed their consent to be bound by the Protocol.

Article 5
Without prejudice to the provisions in paragraphs 3 and 4 below, the terms of office of the judges, members of the Commission, Registrar and Deputy Registrar
shall expire at the date of entry into force of this Protocol.
Applications pending before the Commission which have not been declared admissible at the date of the entry into force of this Protocol shall be examined
by the Court in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol.
Applications which have been declared admissible at the date of entry into force of this Protocol shall continue to be dealt with by members of the Commission
within a period of one year thereafter. Any applications the examination of which has not been completed within the aforesaid period shall be transmitted
to the Court which shall examine them as admissible cases in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol.
With respect to applications in which the Commission, after the entry into force of this Protocol, has adopted a report in accordance with former Article
31 of the Convention, the report shall be transmitted to the parties, who shall not be at liberty to publish it. In accordance with the provisions applicable
prior to the entry into force of this Protocol, a case may be referred to the Court. The panel of the Grand Chamber shall determine whether one of the
Chambers or the Grand Chamber shall decide the case. If the case is decided by a Chamber, the decision of the Chamber shall be final. Cases not referred
to the Court shall be dealt with by the Committee of Ministers acting in accordance with the provisions of former Article 32 of the Convention.
Cases pending before the Court which have not been decided at the date of entry into force of this Protocol shall be transmitted to the Grand Chamber of
the Court, which shall examine them in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol.
Cases pending before the Committee of Ministers which have not been decided under former Article 32 of the Convention at the date of entry into force of
this Protocol shall be completed by the Committee of Ministers acting in accordance with that Article.

Article 6
Where a High Contracting Party had made a declaration recognising the competence of the Commission or the jurisdiction of the Court under former Article
25 or 46 of the Convention with respect to matters arising after or based on facts occurring subsequent to any such declaration, this limitation shall
remain valid for the jurisdiction of the Court under this Protocol.

Article 7
The Secretary General of the Council of Europe shall notify the member States of the Council of:
any signature;
the deposit of any instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval;
the date of entry into force of this Protocol or of any of its provisions in accordance with Article 4; and
any other act, notification or communication relating to this Protocol.

In witness whereof, the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed this Protocol.
Done at Strasbourg, this 11th day of May 1994, in English and French, both texts being equally authentic, in a single copy which shall be deposited in the
archives of the Council of Europe. The Secretary General of the Council of Europe shall transmit certified copies to each member State of the Council of
Europe.

Appendix

Headings of articles to be inserted into the text of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its protocols

Article 1 – Obligation to respect human rights
Article 2 – Right to life
Article 3 – Prohibition of torture
Article 4 – Prohibition of slavery and forced labour
Article 5 – Right to liberty and security
Article 6 – Right to a fair trial
Article 7 – No punishment without law
Article 8 – Right to respect for private and family life
Article 9 – Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Article 10 – Freedom of expression
Article 11 – Freedom of assembly and association
Article 12 – Right to marry
Article 13 – Right to an effective remedy
Article 14 – Prohibition of discrimination
Article 15 – Derogation in time of emergency
Article 16 – Restrictions on political activity of aliens
Article 17 – Prohibition of abuse of rights
Article 18 – Limitation on use of restrictions on rights
[...]
Article 52 – Enquiries by the Secretary General
Article 53 – Safeguard for existing human rights
Article 54 – Powers of the Committee of Ministers
Article 55 – Exclusion of other means of dispute settlement
Article 56 – Territorial application
Article 57 – Reservations
Article 58 – Denunciation
Article 59 – Signature and ratification

Protocol
Article 1 – Protection of property
Article 2 – Right to education
Article 3 – Right to free elections
Article 4 – Territorial application
Article 5 – Relationship to the Convention
Article 6 – Signature and ratification

Protocol No. 4
Article 1 – Prohibition of imprisonment for debt
Article 2 – Freedom of movement
Article 3 – Prohibition of expulsion of nationals
Article 4 – Prohibition of collective expulsion of aliens
Article 5 – Territorial application
Article 6 – Relationship to the Convention
Article 7 – Signature and ratification

Protocol No. 6
Article 1 – Abolition of the death penalty
Article 2 – Death penalty in time of war
Article 3 – Prohibition of derogations
Article 4 – Prohibition of reservations
Article 5 – Territorial application
Article 6 – Relationship to the Convention
Article 7 – Signature and ratification
Article 8 – Entry into force
Article 9 – Depositary functions

Protocol No. 7
Article 1 – Procedural safeguards relating to expulsion of aliens
Article 2 – Right of appeal in criminal matters
Article 3 – Compensation for wrongful conviction
Article 4 – Right not to be tried or punished twice
Article 5 – Equality between spouses
Article 6 – Territorial application
Article 7 – Relationship to the Convention
Article 8 – Signature and ratification
Article 9 – Entry into force
Article 10 – Depositary functions
Headings have already been added to new Articles 19 to 51 of the Convention by the present Protocol.